Analysis on Sugar Spectrum Difference Between Wild-simulated and Transplanted Astragali Radix / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish the characteristic sugar spectrum of polysaccharides， oligosaccharides and monosaccharides of wild-simulated and transplanted Astragali Radix， and find out the difference of the sugar spectrum between the two， so as to provide a basis for quality evaluation of Astragali Radix. MethodThe relative molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides from 18 batches of wild-simulated Astragali Radix and 12 batches of transplanted Astragali Radix were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection（HPLC-ELSD） to establish the characteristic chromatograms of two kinds of polysaccharides. The difference in the peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ， a polysaccharide component with a relative molecular weight of 10 kDa， in two kinds of Astragali Radix was analyzed， and the critical value of peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ was determined by receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve. At the same time， APS-Ⅱ was partially acid-hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid（TFA） to establish characteristic spectra of two kinds of oligosaccharides from Astragali Radix based on HPLC-ELSD， and the characteristics of differential oligosaccharides were found by principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）. Two kinds of APS-Ⅱ were completely acid-hydrolyzed by TFA and derivatized to establish characteristic spectra of two kinds of monosaccharides from Astragali Radix based on HPLC， PCA and OPLS-DA were performed on the peak area ratio of two kinds of monosaccharides to explore the differences in the composition of two kinds of APS-Ⅱ monosaccharides. ResultThe characteristic sugar spectrum of polysaccharides from Astragali Radix showed that the peak area ratio of APS-Ⅱ was the main difference， and the peak area of APS-Ⅱ of wild-simulated and transplanted Astragali Radix were 89.17%-97.17% and 80.14%-91.96%， respectively. The ROC curve determined the critical value of 92.28% for the difference of APS-Ⅱ peak area ratio of the two kinds of Astragali Radix. The multivariate analysis of APS-Ⅱ oligosaccharides revealed that the peak area ratio of oligosaccharides with polymerization degree≥10 was the main difference， which ranged from 11.835%-19.092% for wild-simulated products and 2.778%-7.017% for transplanted products. The results of monosaccharide characteristic sugar spectrum analysis showed that both Astragali Radix species consisted of six monosaccharides， and glucose and arabinose were the differential monosaccharide fractions. The peak area ratios of glucose and arabinose in wild-simulated products were 85%-93.9% and 2.7%-5.8%， respectively， while those of transplanted products were 74.3%-87.3% and 5.3%-10.7%， suggesting that the structures of the two polysaccharide fractions APS-Ⅱ of Astragali Radix may be different. ConclusionThe difference of sugar spectrum between two kinds of Astragali Radix may be related to the content and structure of APS-Ⅱ， and this study may provide a reference for the study of carbohydrates in Astragali Radix and the quality evaluation of medicinal materials.

Content Determination of 6 Kinds of Monosaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus with Different Growth Years by Pre-column Derivatization-HPLC / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To analyze and compare th e contents of 6 kinds of monosaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus from different growth years . METHODS ：2-4 years old A. membranaceus from three areas were extracted with water extraction and alcohol precipitation ，Sevage deproteinization to obtain A. membranaceus polysaccharide. The samples were firstly hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid （TFA）and then derivatized by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone（PMP）. HPLC analysis was adopted to determine the contents of 6 kinds of monosaccharide as mannose ，rhamnose，galacturonic acid ，glucose，galactose，arabinose. The determination was performed on Symmetry C 18 column with phosphate buffer solution （pH 6.8）-acetonitrile（84∶16，V/V）as mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 245 nm，and column temperature was 35 ℃. The sample size was 20 µL. RESULTS ：The contents of mannose ，rhamnose，galacturonic acid ，glucose，galactose and arabinose were 0.50-0.94， 0.76-1.60，3.35-7.86，87.33-275.77，1.95-8.96，2.35-14.04 mg/g，respectively. Total contents of monosaccharide from 2，3，4 years old A. membranaceus were 98.26-139.92，173.81-295.71，122.37-182.41 mg/g，respectively. There was significant difference in the contents of glucose between 3 old years A. membranaceus and 2，4 old years A. membranaceus （162.71-275.77 mg/g vs. 87.33-107.70，111.54-167.26 mg/g，P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Above 6 monosaccharides are detected in 2，3，4 years old A. membranaceus，among which the content of glucose is the highest. The content of glucose in 3 years old A. membranaceus is higher than that in 2 and 4 years old A. membranaceus .

Quality Evaluation of Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharides from Different Sources / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of polysaccharide and monosaccharide composition of Tremella fuciformis, and to analyze the difference of polysaccharide content in T. fuciformis from different sources and cultivation methods, so as to provide reference for the quality determination.Method:High performance size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detection (HPSEC-MALLS-RID) was employed to determine the content and relative molecular weight distribution of T. fuciformis polysaccharides. The monosaccharide types and proportions of T. fuciformis polysaccharides were analyzed by 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) precolumn derivative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Result:The weight-average relative molecular weight (Mw) and the content of polysaccharides in T. fuciformis cultivated by cut-log from different sources were distributed in 2.618×106-3.503×106 Da and 307.12-609.06 g·kg-1, respectively. These two parameters of polysaccharides in T. fuciformis with substitute cultivation from different sources were 2.723×106-3.886×106 Da and 366.38-647.37 g·kg-1, respectively. The T. fuciformis polysaccharides mainly consisted of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose and fucose, their ratios in samples with cut-log and substitute cultivation were 4.4∶0.7∶1.0∶0.2∶1.4∶1.6 and 4.4∶0.8∶1.0∶0.1∶1.5∶1.5, respectively. The contents of the above six monosaccharides in 39 batches of T. fuciformis from different sources were mannose of 36.71-191.31 g·kg-1, glucose of 10.46-76.10 g·kg-1, galactose of 1.00-6.72 g·kg-1, xylose of 16.73-70.54 g·kg-1, glucuronic acid of 9.74-32.12 g·kg-1, fucose of 17.16-68.20 g·kg-1.Conclusion:The content of polysaccharides in T. fuciformis from different sources has a certain difference, the developed method can be used as a routine method for the quality evaluation of polysaccharides in T. fuciformis.

Low FODMAPs diet for functional abdominal pain disorders in children: critical review of current knowledge / Dieta com baixo teor de FODMAPs para distúrbios de dor abdominal funcional em crianças: revisão crítica do conhecimento atual

ABSTRACT Objective: This narrative review aimed to provide practitioners a synthesis of the current knowledge on the role of a low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet in reducing symptoms associated with functional abdominal pain disorders in children. This review is focused on the pathophysiology, efficacy and criticism of low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet in children. Sources: Cochrane Database, Pubmed and Embase were searched using specific terms for Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet interventions and functional abdominal pain disorders. Summary of the findings: In children, only one Randomized Control Trial and one open-label study reported positive results of low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols diet; one Randomized Control Trial showed exacerbation of symptoms with fructans in children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome; no effect was found for the lactose-free diet whilst fructose-restricted diets were effective in 5/6 studies. Conclusions: In children there are few trials evaluating low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols in functional abdominal pain disorders, with encouraging data on the therapeutic efficacy particularly of fructose-restricted diet. Additional efforts are still needed to fill this research gap and clarify the most efficient way for tailoring dietary restrictions based on the patient's tolerance and/or identification of potential biomarkers of low Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols efficacy, to maintain nutritional adequacy and to simplify the adherence to diet by labeling Fermentable Oligosaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides and Polyols content in commercial products.

RESUMO Objetivo: Nos últimos anos, foram feitos esforços consideráveis para esclarecer o papel da dieta com baixo teor de oligossacarídeos fermentáveis, dissacarídeos, monossacarídeos e polióis (FODMAPs) para o tratamento de distúrbios gastrintestinais funcionais (DGIFs). Esta revisão narrativa teve como objetivo fornecer aos profissionais uma síntese do conhecimento atual sobre o papel de uma dieta com baixo teor de FODMAPs (BFM) na redução dos sintomas associados a distúrbios funcionais de dor abdominal (DFDA) em crianças. Esta revisão está focada na fisiopatologia, eficácia e crítica da dieta BFM em crianças. Fontes: O banco de dados Cochrane, Pubmed e Embase foram pesquisados com o uso dos termos específicos para intervenções na dieta FODMAP e DFDA. Resumo dos achados: Em crianças, apenas um estudo controlado randomizado e um estudo aberto relataram resultados positivos da dieta BFM; um estudo controlado randomizado mostrou exacerbação dos sintomas com frutanos em crianças com síndrome do intestino irritável; nenhum efeito foi encontrado para a dieta livre de lactose, enquanto dietas com restrição de frutose foram eficazes em 5/6 estudos. Conclusões: Existem poucos estudos que avaliam BFM em DFDA em crianças, com dados encorajadores sobre a eficácia terapêutica, particularmente de dietas com restrição de frutose. Esforços adicionais ainda são necessários para preencher essa lacuna de pesquisa e esclarecer a maneira mais eficiente de adaptar as restrições dietéticas com base na tolerância do paciente e/ou identificação de biomarcadores potenciais de eficácia da BFM, para manter a adequação nutricional e simplificar a adesão à dieta, ao incluir informações sobre conteúdo de FODMAPs em rótulos de produtos comerciais.

Dieta baja en oligosacáridos, disacáridos, monosacáridos y polioles fermentables y calidad de vida en pacientes con síndrome de intestino irritable en Colombia / Diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols, and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Colombia

Resumen Introducción. Cada vez hay más información sobre la efectividad de una dieta baja en oligosacáridos, disacáridos, monosacáridos y polioles fermentables (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides and Polyols, FODMAP) en pacientes con síndrome de intestino irritable. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que estimen la eficacia de esta estrategia en nuestro medio. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de una dieta baja en FODMAP en la calidad de vida y en la intensidad de los síntomas en pacientes con síndrome de intestino irritable en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se recopiló información clínica y demográfica de todos los pacientes en el momento de su inclusión; después, un encuestador entrenado utilizó la encuesta Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life (IBS-QoL) para estimar la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La intensidad de los síntomas se evaluó mediante una escala visual, antes y después del inicio de la dieta baja en FODMAP. Resultados. La muestra final incluyó a 50 personas. Se observó una reducción significativa de todos los síntomas (reducción promedio de todas las escalas: 19,8 mm; IC95%: 16,2-23,4 mm; p<0,001), y un incremento en todas las escalas de la IBS-QoL, incluida la de resumen global de la encuesta (14,7 puntos; IC95%: 9,4-20,1; p<0,001). El sexo, la edad, el índice de masa corporal, el estado socioeconómico y el régimen de salud, no se asociaron con la mejoría de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Conclusión. La dieta supervisada y baja en FODMAP disminuyó los síntomas y mejoró la calidad de vida en pacientes con síndrome de intestino irritable. Es necesario hacer estudios controlados sobre otros factores ligados a la evolución del síndrome para confirmar estos resultados.

Abstract Introduction: A growing body of evidence has pointed out the effectiveness of a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. However, there are no local studies to estimate the effects of this strategy on the symptoms and the health-related quality of life in these patients in Colombia or Latin America. Objective: To determine the effect of a diet low in FODMAP on the quality of life and the severity of symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Colombia. Materials and methods: We collected clinical and demographic information of all patients at the time of inclusion. Immediately afterwards, a trained interviewer applied the IBS-QoL survey to estimate the quality of life of patients. Then, we evaluated the intensity of the symptoms using an analogue visual scale, before and after the diet low in FODMAP. Results: We included 50 subjects in the final analysis. We observed an increase in all the IBS-QoL scales (average increase in overall summary: 14.7 points, 95% CI: 9.4 to 20.1; p<0.001) and a significant reduction in all symptoms (-19.8 mm; 95% CI: 23.4 mm 16.2 mm; p<0.001). Sex, age, body mass index, socioeconomic status and the health care provider were not associated with the improvement in the health-related quality of life. Conclusion: A low diet in FODMAP reduced symptoms and improved quality of life in Colombian patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Controlled studies taking into account other factors linked to the severity of irritable bowel syndrome are required.

Methods for determination of absolute configuration of monosaccharides / 中草药·英文版

Monosaccharides are one of the most important structural components of biomolecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids, glycolipids and glycoproteins. In structural analysis of polysaccharides and glycoconjugates, the absolute configurations (D or L) of the constituent monosaccharides are usually determined by measurement of the optical rotation, CD spectra or characteristic chromatographic retention behavior. However, each method has its unique advantages and limitations which should be considered while using them. In this review, an overview of the different methods for the determination of absolute configuration of monosaccharides and their underlying principles are summarized to serve as a reference for researchers.

Identification of cultured and natural Astragali Radix based on fingerprint of monosaccharides / 中草药

Objective: To establish monosaccharide fingerprint of carbohydrates in Astragali Radix, and find the specificities of saccharides between natural and cultured Astragali Radix to provide the basis for evaluating the quality of Astragali Radix in different cultivation patterns. Methods: Monosaccharide fingerprint from 24 kinds of different cultivations of Astragali Radix based on carbohydrates hydrolysis followed by chromatographic analysis was founded. The data of monosaccharide fingerprint were statistically analyzed based on principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Results: The carbohydrates content of natural Astragali Radix was apparently higher than the cultured, one and the natural and cultured Astragali Radix could be distinguished by molar ratios of mannose, glucose, and arabinose (the molar ratio of mannose and arabinose was more than 3.5:1 and the ratio of glucose and arabinose was more than 4:1 in cultured Astragali Radix, while the ratio of mannose and arabinose was less than 3.5:1 and the ratio of glucose and arabinose was less than 4:1 in natural Astragali Radix). Conclusion: The results not only supply the foundation for screening the quality indicators for Astragali Radix, but also provide the new ways of quality evaluation for medicinal materials in which carbohydrates are major bioactive components.

Identificación diferenciación de monosacárido y disacáridos diasteroméricos no derivatizados por esi-it-ms/ms / Identification nnd differentiation of underivatzed diasteromeric mono-and disaaccharides by esi-it-ms/ms

Los azúcares son importantes moléculas que desempeñan funciones trascendentales de señalización celular en los organismos superiores. Su complejidad estructural, representada por sus isómeros, anómeros y diasterómeros, amerita la implementación de metodologías modernas, rápidas y sensibles para su identificación y diferenciación. La espectrometría de masas y su analizador de trampa de iones brinda nuevas alternativas de análisis que favorecen el control de las energías de fragmentación de los analitos. A pesar de que la diferenciación de estereoisómeros no ha sido el campo de aplicación principal de la espectrometría de masas, se ha implementado una metodología para diferenciar los monosácaridos β-D-galactosa y β-D-glucosa y los disacαridos β-D-galactopiranosil-(1→4)-β-D-glucopiranσsido (lactosa), α-D-glucopiranosil-(1→4)-β-D-glucopiranσsido (maltosa) y β-D-fructofuranosil-(2↔1)-α-D-glucopiranσsido (sacarosa) a travιs de sus aductos con amonio y litio por ESI-IT-MS/MS en infusión directa. Se emplean diferentes energías de fragmentación para asegurar la existencia de iones marcadores de la estereoquímica de los analitos. Se evidencia que controlar las energías de colisiones en el análisis estructural de moléculas provee una poderosa y moderna herramienta analítica para los laboratorios de análisis.

Sugars are important molecules with remarkable cell signals pathway functions in higher organisms. The structural complexity of sugar represented by its isomeric, anomeric and diasteromeric configurations deserve the implementation of modern, rapid and sensitive methodologies for its identification and differentiation. Mass spectrometry and its analyzer of ion trap provide new alternative techniques that encourage the control of the fragmentation energies supplied to molecules. Since stereoisomer differentiation is consider outside the mass spectrometry domain, a methodology has been applied in order to differentiate β-D-galactose, β-D-glucose and the disaccharides β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (lactose), α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (maltose) y β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2↔1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (sacarose) trough its ammonium and lithium adducts by infusion on ESI-IT-MS/MS mass spectrometer. Different fragmentation energies have been used to ensure the ion marker occurrence in the analyte stereochemistry. It is evident that the collision energies control in structural analysis of molecules provides a powerful and modern analytical tool to be applied in control laboratories.

Analysis of Structure of Purified Polysaccharide from Yeast Strain with Antioxidant Activity / 分析化学

The monosaccharide composition and the structure of polysaccharide from Pichia fermentans were analyzed. The yeast cells were broken with ultrasonic disruption and the crude polysaccharide was precipitated by addition of ethanol. Then, the crude polysaccharide was separated by diethylaminoethyl(DEAE) cellulose column separation and an acquisition of uniform water-soluble polysaccharide yeast polysaccharides 5(YP5) was obtained. The results of gas chromatographic analysis indicated that the glycosyl was made of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose, whose molar ratio was 9.51∶ 1.33∶ 2.31∶ 0.94∶ 84.93∶0.96, respectively. The molecular weight of polysaccharides YP5 was 8.3×10~4 measured by Ubbelohde viscosity method. Combination of IR and ~1H NMR analysis showed that the YP5 owned characteristic infrared absorption peaks of polysaccharide and contained amino groups. The β-D-glucan was main glucosidic linkage of polysaccharides PY5.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycan extracted from scallop skirts by gas chromatography and infrared spectrometry / 中国海洋药物

Objective To study the chemical constituents and structures of the glycosaminogly-cans isolated from the leftover bits of the Chlamys farreri and Argopecten irradisus. Methods The qualitative and quantitative analyses of monosaccharides obtained by alcoholyses with HCl-methylalcohol from the samples were done by gas chromatography with standard contrast and inner standard methods. Mixed with KBr and pressed into pellet, the samples were analyzed by infrared spectrometer scanning from 4000-500 cm-1. Results The contents of monosaccharides from the samples were rhamnose 0. 75%, xylose 0. 63%, fucose 0. 67%, mannose 0. 97%, glucose 1. 11% and galactose 1. 59%, respectively. The infrared spectrum showed that the samples had typical infrared spectra of glycosaminoglycan. Conclusions The glycosaminoglycan isolated from the leftover bits of the Chlamys farreri contains neutral monosaccharides. Compared with standard glycosaminoglycans, the infrared spectra of the two samples are similar to that of hyaluronic acid.

IDENTIFICATION OF NEUTRAL MONOSACCHARIDES IN GLY-COSAMINOGLYCAN FROM THE BAY SCALLOP ARGOPECTEN IRRADIANS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY / 中国海洋药物

The glycosaminoglycan (GAG), isolated from Bay scallop Argopectenirradians, contains neutral monosaccharides besides hexosamines and hexosuronic acids. The monosaccharides obtained by alcoholysis with HCI-methylalcohol from the sample of GAG was trimethylsilanized with hexamethyldisilan and chlortrimethylsilan (HMDS ' TMCS = 2 : 1). And the trimethylsilyl derivatives of monosaccharides was determined by gas chro-matography. Compared the gas chromatography of the sample with that of standard monosaccharides, it was found that the GAG of the Bay scallop contains five neutral monosaccharides, viz glucose, galactose, xylose, fucose and rhamnose.

Monosaccharide composition of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides / 中草药

Objective To compare the monosaccharide composition and molar ratio of GL-PPT2, GL-PPT3, and GL-PPT4, which are three polysaccharide peptides isolated from the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum. Methods The polysaccharide peptides were hydrolyzed by triflouroacetic acid, then derivatized by trichloro-aldehyde-1-pheny-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), and determined by HPLC method with the 245 nm detection wavelength. Gradient elution with the solution of KH2PO4 (pH 5.0)-acetonitrile (83.5∶16.5) resulted in baseline separation of nine monosaccharides, of which the chromatographic peaks were very clear. Results GL-PPT2, GL-PPT3, and GL-PPT4 comprise the nine monosaccharides of mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, galactose, and glucuronic acid. Conclusion The ribose in polysaccharide peptides of G. lucidum is first reported.